Ligas Resistentes à Corrosão | Serviço Úmido e Ácido | ATF

Tecnologia de Materiais

Ligas Resistentes à Corrosão | Serviço Úmido e Ácido | ATF

Ligas resistentes à corrosão para peças de britadores e bombas em serviço úmido ou ácido. Seleção por pH, cloretos e temperatura.

Insertos de TiC Cerâmicas Ligas Avançadas

Especificações principais

Alloy Types
CF8M (316 equiv.), CD4MCu Duplex, CE8MN Super Duplex
PRE Range
24 (CF8M) to 42+ (Super Duplex CE8MN)
Hardness Range
140–310 HB (metallic), 40–65 Shore A (rubber)
pH Capability
Down to pH < 1 (rubber-lined), pH 3–7 (metallic alloys)
Chloride Resistance
>100 mg/L Cl- (super duplex CE8MN)
Max Temperature
70 C (rubber), 300 C (super duplex)
Applications
Acid leach pumps, seawater systems, phosphate crushers
Testing Methods
Immersion coupon, potentiodynamic polarisation, slurry pot E-C
Corrosion-Resistant

Corrosion-Resistant Alloys for Crusher and Pump Wear Parts

Standard high-chrome white irons (ASTM A532 Class II and III) and manganese steels (ASTM A128) perform well in dry or near-neutral crushing duties, but they degrade rapidly when exposed to acidic slurries, chloride-bearing waters, or chemically aggressive process streams. In these environments, electrochemical corrosion attacks the metal surface continuously while abrasive particles strip away the protective passive film, creating an erosion-corrosion synergy that accelerates material loss far beyond what either mechanism would produce alone. The freshly exposed bare metal after each particle impact corrodes at rates orders of magnitude higher than the passivated surface, and the resulting soft corrosion products are more easily removed by subsequent impacts, establishing a self-reinforcing degradation cycle. Material loss rates in acidic slurry service (pH 2–4 with 10–30% solids) can be 3–10 times higher than in equivalent dry crushing duties using the same alloy, making standard wear materials uneconomical in these applications.

Corrosion-resistant alloys address the erosion-corrosion synergy by combining controlled chromium (18–27%), molybdenum (2–4%), and nickel (5–25%) additions to stabilise a passive Cr2O3/MoO3 oxide film that reforms rapidly—within milliseconds—after abrasive particle damage. The rate of passive film re-healing, quantified by the repassivation potential measured through potentiodynamic polarisation testing, is the critical parameter that determines whether an alloy can survive in a given erosion-corrosion environment. For crusher liners, pump casings and impellers, slurry valve components, and pipeline wear segments operating in wet acidic conditions, the correct alloy selection depends on the pH range (under normal and upset conditions), chloride ion concentration (which drives pitting corrosion risk, assessed via the Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number or PRE), slurry temperature, and the size, hardness, and angularity of the abrasive particles. ATF supplies cast corrosion-resistant wear parts in CF8M austenitic stainless (PRE ~24), CD4MCu duplex (PRE ~34), CE8MN super duplex (PRE 42+), molybdenum-modified high-chrome irons (25Cr3Mo), and rubber-lined configurations (40–65 Shore A natural rubber or chloroprene) to match the full spectrum of corrosive service conditions.

Corrosion-Resistant Alloys
Wet & Acid Service
Erosion-Corrosion Solutions

Key Features of Corrosion-Resistant Wear Parts

Erosion-Corrosion Synergy Control

Alloys are selected to maintain a stable passive film under abrasive contact. Molybdenum and nitrogen additions accelerate passive film reformation after particle impact, reducing the window of bare-metal exposure to corrosive media and breaking the erosion-corrosion cycle that destroys conventional alloys.

pH-Range-Specific Material Selection

Material recommendations are matched to the operating pH range. Mild corrosion duties (pH 5-7) are served by CF8M-type austenitic stainless castings. Moderate acid service (pH 3-5) requires duplex grades with higher chromium and molybdenum. Severe acid duties below pH 3 call for super duplex or rubber-lined configurations.

Chloride Pitting Resistance

Chloride ions penetrate the passive film and initiate pitting corrosion, particularly at elevated temperatures. Super duplex alloys with a Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PRE) above 40 are specified for chloride-bearing slurries, seawater-cooled systems, and brine-contact applications where standard austenitic grades fail by pitting.

Duplex Microstructure Advantage

Duplex stainless steels combine approximately equal proportions of austenite and ferrite phases. This dual-phase microstructure provides roughly twice the yield strength of equivalent austenitic grades, improving resistance to cavitation erosion and high-velocity particle impact while maintaining corrosion resistance.

Rubber-Lined Composite Option

For severe acid duties where no metallic alloy provides adequate corrosion resistance at reasonable cost, natural rubber or chloroprene rubber linings bonded to a carbon steel shell offer a proven alternative. Rubber absorbs impact energy and resists chemical attack, with the metal shell providing structural support.

Application-Matched Alloy Engineering

Each corrosion-resistant wear part is specified based on a complete review of the service environment: slurry pH, chloride content, temperature, abrasive particle size, flow velocity, and impact energy. This prevents both under-specification (premature failure) and over-specification (unnecessary material cost).

Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Comparison

The following table compares the principal alloy options for corrosive wear service. Selection depends on the pH range, chloride level, temperature, and the severity of abrasive wear. The corrosion resistance rating indicates performance in acidic slurry environments, not purely chemical immersion resistance.

CF8M (316 Stainless Equivalent)

Dureza:140-190 HB
Aplicação:Mild corrosion (pH 5-7) with light abrasion. Slurry pump casings, valve bodies, and screen frames in near-neutral wet processing
Notas:PRE ~24. Adequate for low-chloride, near-neutral slurries. Poor pitting resistance above 40mg/L Cl-

CD4MCu (Duplex Stainless)

Dureza:230-290 HB
Aplicação:Moderate acid service (pH 3-5) with medium abrasion. Phosphate slurry crushers, wet scrubber internals, acidic tailings pumps
Notas:PRE ~34. Approximately 2x yield strength of CF8M. Good resistance to erosion-corrosion in moderate acid

CE8MN (Super Duplex)

Dureza:250-310 HB
Aplicação:Severe acid and chloride service (pH <3 or >100mg/L Cl-). Seawater-cooled crushers, brine processing, acid mine drainage handling
Notas:PRE ~42. Best metallic option for combined chloride pitting and acid corrosion in abrasive slurry

High-Cr Iron + Mo (25Cr3Mo)

Dureza:600-680 HB
Aplicação:Moderate acid (pH 3-5) with heavy abrasion. Crusher liners and grinding media where abrasion dominates over corrosion
Notas:Molybdenum addition improves passive film stability. Sacrifices some corrosion resistance for higher abrasion resistance

Natural Rubber Lining (40-65 Shore A)

Dureza:N/A (40-65 Shore A)
Aplicação:Severe acid duty (pH <3) with fine abrasive particles. Acid leach circuit pumps, chemical plant pipe bends, HCl/H2SO4 slurry service
Notas:Excellent chemical resistance to most mineral acids. Limited to temperatures below 70C and particle sizes below 10mm

PRE = Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number, calculated as %Cr + 3.3(%Mo) + 16(%N). Higher PRE indicates greater resistance to chloride pitting. Hardness values are as-cast; post-weld or service-exposed hardness may vary.

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Applications by Service Environment

Corrosion-resistant alloys are specified by the chemical environment rather than by equipment brand. The following service environments represent the most common applications for corrosion-resistant crusher and pump wear parts. Each environment presents a distinct combination of pH, chloride content, temperature, and abrasive loading that determines the alloy selection.

Acidic Slurry Processing

  • Crusher liners and pump impellers in sulphuric acid leach circuits (pH 1-3)
  • Screen panels and chute liners handling acidified process water with suspended solids
  • Agitator impellers and tank internals in acid-contacted mineral slurry

Seawater / Chloride Service

  • Seawater-cooled crusher bearing housings and seal components
  • Desalination plant intake screen frames and pump casings handling sand-laden seawater
  • Brine circuit crushers and classifiers in potash and salt processing

Phosphate / Fertilizer Plants

  • Phosphate rock crushers exposed to phosphoric acid mist and wet acidic fines
  • Slurry pump casings handling phosphogypsum slurry (pH 2-4, fluoride-bearing)
  • Granulator crusher liners in contact with ammonium nitrate or urea process liquor

Acidic Mine Water

  • Acid mine drainage (AMD) pump impellers and casings (pH 2-4, high dissolved metals)
  • Tailings dam reclaim pump liners handling oxidised pyritic slurry
  • Crusher components in heap leach operations with sulphuric acid irrigation

Chemical Plant Crushing

  • Size reduction equipment for chemical intermediates with residual acid contamination
  • Catalyst crushing and screening components exposed to hydrochloric or nitric acid vapour
  • Wet scrubber internals handling chemically aggressive particulate-laden gas streams
Perguntas frequentes

Corrosion-Resistant Perguntas frequentes

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How does erosion-corrosion synergy accelerate wear compared to pure abrasion or pure corrosion alone?
In erosion-corrosion, abrasive particles mechanically remove the passive oxide film that protects the metal surface. The freshly exposed bare metal corrodes at a much higher rate than the passivated surface, and the corrosion products are softer and more easily removed by subsequent particle impacts. This creates a self-reinforcing cycle: abrasion exposes bare metal, corrosion weakens the surface, and the weakened surface is more easily abraded. The combined material loss rate is typically 3-10x higher than the sum of the individual erosion and corrosion rates measured separately.
When should rubber lining be used instead of a corrosion-resistant metal alloy?
Rubber lining is preferred when the slurry pH is below 3, the abrasive particles are fine (below 10mm), the slurry temperature is below 70C, and the impact energy is low to moderate. Under these conditions, rubber outperforms metallic alloys because it is immune to electrochemical corrosion and its elastic surface absorbs fine-particle impact energy rather than sustaining plastic deformation. Rubber is not suitable for coarse, angular particles above 10mm, high temperatures, or applications involving solvents or strong oxidising acids that attack the rubber compound.
What is the Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PRE) and why does it matter for chloride service?
PRE is calculated as %Cr + 3.3(%Mo) + 16(%N) and provides a comparative index of an alloy resistance to chloride-initiated pitting corrosion. A higher PRE indicates greater resistance to pitting in chloride-bearing environments. Standard austenitic stainless (CF8M/316) has a PRE of approximately 24 and is susceptible to pitting above 40mg/L chloride at ambient temperature. Duplex grades (CD4MCu) with a PRE of around 34 extend the safe operating range. Super duplex (CE8MN) with a PRE above 40 is required for seawater, brine, and high-chloride acidic slurries.
How is the correct corrosion-resistant alloy selected for a specific application?
Alloy selection requires four key parameters: the slurry pH range under normal and upset conditions, the chloride ion concentration in the process water, the slurry temperature at the wear surface, and the abrasive particle characteristics (size, hardness, angularity). ATF engineering uses these inputs to identify the alloy that provides adequate corrosion resistance without over-specifying. Corrosion coupon testing or reference to similar operating installations is recommended for borderline cases where more than one alloy grade could be suitable.
Can corrosion-resistant alloys match the abrasion resistance of standard high-chrome white iron?
No. Corrosion-resistant alloys are inherently softer than high-chrome white irons (140-310 HB versus 600-700 HB) because the alloying elements that provide corrosion resistance (nickel, molybdenum, nitrogen) do not form the hard carbide networks that provide abrasion resistance in high-chrome irons. In corrosive service, however, this comparison is misleading because high-chrome irons corrode rapidly and the total material loss (abrasion plus corrosion) can exceed that of the softer but corrosion-resistant alloy. The correct comparison is total volumetric loss in the actual service environment, not laboratory hardness.
What testing methods are used to validate corrosion-resistant alloy selection?
Three primary methods are used. First, immersion coupon testing exposes polished alloy samples to the actual process slurry for a defined period and measures weight loss to quantify uniform corrosion rate. Second, electrochemical testing (potentiodynamic polarisation) measures the alloy pitting potential and repassivation potential in a synthetic version of the process water to assess pitting risk. Third, slurry pot erosion-corrosion testing subjects samples to simultaneous abrasive wear and corrosive media to measure the combined erosion-corrosion rate under controlled conditions.

Conteúdo técnico revisado pela equipe de engenharia da ATF | Especificações metalúrgicas verificadas conforme normas ASTM/ISO

Solve Corrosive Wear with the Right Alloy

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pH <3
Severe Acid Capability
PRE 42+
Super Duplex Pitting Resistance
50+
Countries Supplied

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